Acknowledgements
1. Introduction and review of the literature
1.1. Introduction and overview
1.1.1. Working definitions
1.2. "Higher" cognitive processes involved in emotion elicitation
1.2.1. Introduction to appraisal theory and empirical evidence favouring appraisal approaches
1.2.2. Criticisms of appraisal theory
1.3. Automatic evaluation processes involved in emotion elicitation
1.3.1. Affective priming
1.3.2. Attention allocation through automatic relevance evaluations
1.4. Multilevel models integrating both processing modes in emotion elicitation
1.4.1. The early multi-level models
1.4.1a. Leventhal's hierarchical emotion processing model
1.4.1b. Öhman's "preparedness" model of emotion-generation
1.4.2. LeDoux's dual route model: Neuroscientific evidence of different processing levels
1.4.3. Emotion models in cognitive psychology
1.4.3a. Multiple-Entry, Modular memory system (MEM)
1.4.4. Clinical approaches to emotional disorder
1.4.4a. Interacting cognitive subsystems (ICS)
1.4.4b. The Schematic model, Propositional, Associative, and Analogue Representational Systems (SPAARS) approach to emotion.
1.4.5. Multilevel appraisal theories
1.4.5a. Levels of processing in appraisal: Leventhal and Scherer
1.4.5b. Towards a general process model of appraisal: Smith and colleagues
1.4.5c. Robinson's model
1.5. Interaction between levels
1.5.1. Bottom-up versus top-down processing
1.5.2. Dominance of processing levels
1.6. Summary and discussion
2. Methodological issues in studying multilevel appraisal models and aims of present studies
2.1. Experimental paradigm
2.2. Measuring emotion: The issue of multiple responses
2.2.1. Physiology
2.2.2. Expression
2.2.3. The time course of responses
2.3. Overview of this research
2.3.1. Aims
2.3.2. Method
2.3.3. Hypotheses
3. First experiment
3.1. Overview
3.1.1. Overview of the measures and predictions
3.2. Method
3.2.1. Participants
3.2.2. Equipment and game specifications
3.2.3. Design and manipulations
3.2.4. Procedure
3.2.5. Measurements
3.2.5a. Psychophysiological measures, data reduction and scoring of parameters
3.2.5b. Reaction time measures
3.2.5c. Subjective feeling
3.3. Results
3.3.1. Overview of analyses
3.3.2. Reaction time and errors
3.3.4. Subjective report data
3.4. Discussion
3.4.1. Results with respect to a mere discrepancy effect
3.4.2. Conduciveness
3.4.3. Evidence favouring two levels of appraisal
4. Second experiment
4.1. Overview
4.1.1. Overview of the measures and predictions
4.2. Method
4.2.1. Participants
4.2.2. Equipment and game specification
4.2.3. Experimental design and manipulations
4.2.4. Procedure
4.2.5. Measurements
4.2.5a. Psychophysiological measurements
4.2.5b. Reaction time measures
4.2.5c. Self-report
4.2.6. Data reduction and scoring of parameters
4.3. Results
4.3.1. Overview of analyses
4.3.2. Conduciveness
4.3.3. Coping Potential
4.3.4. Exit interview: Appraisal questions and reported levels of involvement and cognitive load.
4.4. Discussion
4.4.1. Conduciveness
4.4.2. Coping
4.4.3. General conclusions
5. General discussion
Résumé
References
Appendices
Appendix 1
References
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Mean, standard error and standard deviation of all variables in experiment 1
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Note(s)