Résumé
1. Introduction
2. Terminology
3. General introduction to systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
4. Historical background
5. Epidemiology and prognosis
6. Etiology and pathogenesis
6.1 Environmental causative factor theory
6.2 Vascular theory
6.3 Immune system theory
7. Localized scleroderma
7.1 Clinical features
7.2 Localized scleroderma histopathology
7.3 Localized scleroderma differential diagnosis
7.4 Localized scleroderma therapy
8. Systemic sclerosis
8.1 Clinical features
8.1.1 Skin involvement
8.1.2 Gastrointestinal involvement
8.1.3 Mucoskeletal involvement
8.1.4 Pulmonary involvement
8.1.5 Cardiac involvement
8.1.6 Renal involvement
8.1.7 Other organs
8.2 Histopathology
8.3 Treatment
9. Orofacial manifestations of systemic sclerosis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Clinical manifestations
9.2.1 Microstomia
9.2.2 Salivary glands, Sjögren's syndrome and xerostomia
9.2.3 Periodontal disease
9.2.4 Increased frequency of decayed missing and filled teeth
9.2.5 Mucosal and skin changes
9.2.6 Osseous resorbtion of the mandible
10. Presentation of cases
10.1 Case 1
10.2 Case 2
10.3 Case 3
10.4 Case 4
11. Conclusions
12. Bibliography