• Wilkinson, Leland. 2005. The Grammar of Graphics. 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin. (Note that, compared to the 1st edition (1999), the content of the book has roughly doubled).
• Wilkinson 1997. Wilkinson, L., 1997. A graph algebra. In: Billard, L., Fisher, N.I. (Eds.), Computing Science and Statistics, Vol. 28, Interface Foundation of North America, Fairfax Station, VA, pp. 341–351.

The Grammar of graphics defines a formal way of describing any kind of graph using a graphical programming language (GPL).

This language has been implemented in:

• IBM SPSS Statistics: Wilkinson, then directing the graphics team of SPSS, implemented the Graphics Production Language , as well as nViZn, the backbone of the SPSS Vizualization Designer product.
• library for R (Hadley Wickham).
• VizJSON: The grammar of graphics in JSON